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教育材料

二向色镜分束镜的平整度影响聚焦和图像质量

作者 IDEX Health & Science

光学滤光片一般由多层薄膜覆盖在平面、平行玻璃基板(基材)上构成。Semrock 滤光片都使用一个单面或双面有涂层的基底(基材),以增加透过率和耐受性,并尽量减少与多个界面相关的伪影。玻璃基板的平整度并不总是合格的,比如镀膜后,有时会导致基板轻微弯曲。幸运的是,这种弯曲对于以接近正常入射角通过光学滤光片的光没有大的影响。对于入射角较大的光,如 45°二向色镜分束镜,弯曲基板对透射光的影响是光束轴的轻微发散。

然而,弯曲的滤光片基板会对反射光产生较大的影响。示例包括在照射到样品物体之前从二向色镜反射的激发光束,或使用二向色镜分离为两种颜色的成像光束。可能会出现两种主要的影响:焦平面的位置变化和焦点大小或图像质量受到影响。

通常,焦平面的小位移不是问题,因为可以通过调整透镜或相机来进行补偿。但在某些情况下,比如全内反射荧光显微镜(TIRF)或结构照明显微镜(将网格成像到样品平面上),焦距可能偏移得太大而无法补偿 – 这将导致激光束聚焦到目标的焦平面后。这两个例子都代表了应小心使用平整度好的二向色镜分束镜的情况,此外还包括:设计用于激光应用的二向色镜分束镜。

当以 45°入射的光经具有轻微弯曲的二向色镜反射时,所产生的光学像差(例如散光)会使成像透镜后图像质量变差。例如,右侧的图表显示了理想光源经具有不同曲率半径的二向色镜反射后所产生的平面图像上的点大小。

该图基于一个典型的落射荧光显微镜配置,假设在样品位置有一个理想状态下的点光源,由一个理想的 40x、0.75 NA 物镜和一个典型焦距为 200 mm 的管透镜(行业标准管长度焦距在160 到 200 mm 之间)在图像平面(例如 CCD 表面)上成像。产生的光斑直径为 6.75mm。假设二向色镜的反射发生在物镜和管透镜之间的中间位置。假设系统的视场受到摄像机平面上直径为 20 mm 的视场大小的限制。假设光的波长为 510 nm(GFP的发射峰值)。相比之下,理想状态下的物镜和管透镜以及完全平的二向色镜所产生的衍射极限光斑尺寸为 16.6μm(图上的红线)。

对于经二向色镜反射的成像光束(即聚焦到探测器阵列(如 CCD)),一个标准是衍射限制的光斑大小不应由于分束镜的反射而改变很多。荧光显微镜中常见的许多物镜-管-透镜组合(带标准管-透镜)所需 Min 曲率半径都总结在下图中。所需的 Min 半径从高放大倍率物镜(光束直径较小)的几十米到低放大倍率物镜(光束直径较大)的 50 至 100 米不等。因为平整度不高的二向色镜不是完全平整,基于衍射极限响应,反射图像的质量可能比理想的差。应注意,图像平面上的真实光斑尺寸可以大于实际系统。

然而,在使用反射光时,应注意选择适当优化的、平整度高的二向色镜分束镜。设计用于反射激光的二向色镜的平整度通常是符合要求的,要求是:直径达几毫米的激光束的焦平面位移可以忽略。用于反射成像光束的二向色镜具有本网站所列出的应用中较高的平整度要求,因为它们必须有效地消除直径为 1 cm 或大于 1cm 的光斑的散光影响。

以上文章打印发布在海报区(号码 # B675), ASCB 年会, 2009

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